Listen and answer questions 31–40.
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
• Historically, it was seen as a sign of or high social status (e.g., in the Victorian era).
• Modern psychology distinguishes it from , which involves a lack of energy, whereas boredom involves high physiological arousal.
• The Goldilocks Principle: Boredom occurs when a task is too easy or too .
• Attention Failure: It often arises when a person cannot focus on internal thoughts or external .
• Control: A lack of over one's environment is a key trigger (e.g., waiting rooms).
• Scientists believe boredom evolved to encourage of new environments.
• It serves as a "push" mechanism to prevent animals from staying in a trap (a situation with diminishing returns).
• "Indifferent Boredom" is characterized by withdrawal and acts as a mechanism.
• "Reactant Boredom" is the most explosive type, often leading to behavior and restlessness.
• The rise of digital devices provides temporary relief but may reduce our capacity for deep .
